Statistics/Probability

• Make sure that you can
  • Identify sampling techniques
    • Truly random.
    • Cluster or geographic (common element is location, could involve random sampling at the second level)
    • Stratified (break groups by identifying feature, could involve random sampling at second level)
    • Systematic
    • Convenience
    • Biased
  • Identify when a graph is problematic
    • If a doubling in value leads to a doubling each dimension of a n dimensional figure, then it has increased by 2ⁿ, not 2
  • Make sure you can construct a frequency distribution from a given set of class limits.
    • Width = high-low + 1
    • Mark = (low+high)/2
  • Frequency polygons and Histograms are labeled with class mark.
  • Compute measures of central tendency
    • Mean, median, mode, midrange.
  • Compute Quartiles
  • Compute range and standard deviation.
  • Given the mean and standard deviation of a normally distributed population
    • Compute the z-score for a data item.
    • Compute the percent of the population below the data item.
    • Compute the percent of the population above the data item.
    • Compute the percent of the population between two data items.
• Probability
  • Definitions of empirical and theoretical probability.
  • Compute odds
    • Odds in favor of E = P(E)/P(Not E)
    • Odds against E = P(note E)/P(E)
  • Compute expected value
    • Expected value = Σ P_iA_i
  • And and Or problems
    • P(A and B) = P(A)P(b)
    • P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A or B)
  • Counting Principal
    • If A can be performed m ways and B can be performed n ways, then A and B can be performed mn ways.
    • With and without replacement.
  • Permutations and Combinations
  • Binomial Distribution.