- Take a look at the picture to remember the basics.
- POV Ray
- The Persistence of Vision Ray Tracer.
- Very old (Dates back to the early 1990's)
- Very good, many great options.
- The following is based on the Documentation.
- And the tutorials.
- you can build it from source code if you wish.
- But dnf install povray worked fine on mirkwood.
- The include files are like those for C/C++
- On my machine, they were in /usr/share/povray-3.7/include/
- The global settings were required to make the raytracer stop complaining.
- Declare a camera
- And a sphere.
-
#include "textures.inc" // pre-defined scene elements #include "shapes.inc" #include "glass.inc" #include "metals.inc" #include "woods.inc" global_settings { assumed_gamma 1.0 } camera { location <0, 2, -3> look_at <0, 1, 2> } sphere { <0, 1, 2>, 1 texture { pigment { color Blue } } } - povray demo.pov
-
Parser Options Input file: demo.pov Remove bounds........On Split unions.........Off Library paths: /usr/share/povray-3.7 /usr/share/povray-3.7/ini /usr/share/povray-3.7/include Clock value: 0.000 (Animation off) Image Output Options Image resolution.....800 by 600 (rows 1 to 600, columns 1 to 800). Output file..........demo.png, 24 bpp PNG Dithering............Off Graphic display......On (gamma: sRGB) Mosaic preview.......Off Continued trace......Off Information Output Options All Streams to console..........On Debug Stream to console.........On Fatal Stream to console.........On Render Stream to console........On Statistics Stream to console....On Warning Stream to console.......On ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Parser Statistics ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Finite Objects: 1 Infinite Objects: 0 Light Sources: 0 Total: 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Parser Time Parse Time: 0 hours 0 minutes 0 seconds (0.018 seconds) using 1 thread(s) with 0.016 CPU-seconds total Bounding Time: 0 hours 0 minutes 0 seconds (0.000 seconds) using 1 thread(s) with 0.000 CPU-seconds total ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Render Options Quality: 9 Bounding boxes.......On Bounding threshold: 3 Antialiasing.........Off ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Render Statistics Image Resolution 800 x 600 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pixels: 480000 Samples: 0 Smpls/Pxl: 0.00 Rays: 480000 Saved: 0 Max Level: 1/5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ray->Shape Intersection Tests Succeeded Percentage ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sphere 480000 45344 9.45 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Render Time: Photon Time: No photons Radiosity Time: No radiosity Trace Time: 0 hours 0 minutes 0 seconds (0.052 seconds) using 4 thread(s) with 0.153 CPU-seconds total
-
- And builds this image
-
- Note
- 600x800 pixels so 600x800 = 480,000 rays
- And 480,000 Ray Sphere intersection tests.
- To output a file : +FN (in png format)
- To Change the width and height +H300 +W400
- I can't remember these so I built a Makefile
-
POVOPTS = +H300 +W400 +FN POVRAY = povray OBJS = demo.png all: ${OBJS} # generic rule to build a png from a pov %.png: %.pov ${POVRAY} ${POVOPTS} $< clean: rm -rf ${OBJS}
- Time for the simple scene:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pixels: 120000 Samples: 0 Smpls/Pxl: 0.00 Rays: 120000 Saved: 0 Max Level: 1/5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ray->Shape Intersection Tests Succeeded Percentage ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sphere 120000 11324 9.44 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Render Time: Photon Time: No photons Radiosity Time: No radiosity Trace Time: 0 hours 0 minutes 0 seconds (0.019 seconds) using 4 thread(s) with 0.041 CPU-seconds total - A green plane
- A plane is specified by the surface normal and a distance along that vector.
-
plane { <0,1,0> 0 pigment { color Green } } -
- Since nothing is reflective, no more rays.
- Just a little more time as 120,000 ray plane tests are performed.
-
Ray->Shape Intersection Tests Succeeded Percentage ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Plane 120000 84000 70.00 Sphere 120000 11324 9.44 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Render Time: Photon Time: No photons Radiosity Time: No radiosity Trace Time: 0 hours 0 minutes 0 seconds (0.026 seconds) using 4 thread(s) with 0.064 CPU-seconds total
- A blue sky.
- Adding a big sphere, radius 50.
- The pigment is Blue_Sky
-
sphere { <0, 0, 0>, 50 texture { pigment { Blue_Sky scale <10,10,10> } } } - And scale that so the clouds are nice and big.
Ray->Shape Intersection Tests Succeeded Percentage ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Plane 120000 84000 70.00 Sphere 140786 131324 93.28 Bounding Box 240000 140786 58.66 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Render Time: Photon Time: No photons Radiosity Time: No radiosity Trace Time: 0 hours 0 minutes 0 seconds (0.049 seconds) using 4 thread(s) with 0.117 CPU-seconds total-
- Let there be light.
-
light_source { <0, 48, 0> color White } -
Ray->Shape Intersection Tests Succeeded Percentage ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Plane 120000 84000 70.00 Sphere 140786 131324 93.28 Bounding Box 240000 140786 58.66 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Shadow Ray Tests: 115874 Succeeded: 2758 Shadow Cache Hits: 2755 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Render Time: Photon Time: No photons Radiosity Time: No radiosity Trace Time: 0 hours 0 minutes 0 seconds (0.065 seconds) using 4 thread(s) with 0.182 CPU-seconds total -
-
- Notice the tests continue to increase.
- As does the time.
- And we now have shadow rays as well.
- Finish is a very complex version of the lighting model we have studied.
- Documentation
-
// a second, more shiny sphere sphere { <2, 1, 2>, 1 texture { pigment { color Blue } finish { diffuse 0.5 specular 0.5 ambient 0.2 } } } -
- This causes no major increase in anything but ray tests.
-
// look through a sphere sphere{ <0,0,-0> 2 texture { Glass } } -
Rendered 120000 of 120000 pixels (100%) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Render Statistics Image Resolution 400 x 300 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pixels: 120000 Samples: 0 Smpls/Pxl: 0.00 Rays: 367364 Saved: 4082 Max Level: 3/5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ray->Shape Intersection Tests Succeeded Percentage ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Plane 717659 266476 37.13 Sphere 1583186 1117308 70.57 Bounding Box 2870636 1417336 49.37 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Shadow Ray Tests: 365316 Succeeded: 76362 Shadow Cache Hits: 10939 Reflected Rays: 123682 Transmitted Rays: 123682 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Render Time: Photon Time: No photons Radiosity Time: No radiosity Trace Time: 0 hours 0 minutes 0 seconds (0.229 seconds) using 4 thread(s) with 0.634 CPU-seconds total -
-
// the mirror box { <-2,0.2,4>, <2,3,4> finish { reflection {1.0} ambient 0 diffuse 0 } } // and a nice frame box { <-2.2,0,4.2>, <2.2,3.2,4.2> texture { T_Wood2} } - And we are taking more time
-
Rendered 120000 of 120000 pixels (100%) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Render Statistics Image Resolution 400 x 300 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pixels: 120000 Samples: 0 Smpls/Pxl: 0.00 Rays: 405134 Saved: 4980 Max Level: 5/5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ray->Shape Intersection Tests Succeeded Percentage ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Box 93128 24914 26.75 Plane 766868 290000 37.82 Sphere 1673100 1195039 71.43 Bounding Box 5665956 3040593 53.66 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Shadow Ray Tests: 379830 Succeeded: 82580 Shadow Cache Hits: 13100 Reflected Rays: 152774 Transmitted Rays: 132360 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Render Time: Photon Time: No photons Radiosity Time: No radiosity Trace Time: 0 hours 0 minutes 0 seconds (0.266 seconds) using 4 thread(s) with 0.780 CPU-seconds total -
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triangle{<1.3804,0.0000,2.4630>,<1.4000,0.0000,2.4000>,<1.3297,-0.4467,2.4000>} triangle{<1.3297,-0.4467,2.4000>,<1.3110,-0.4404,2.4630>,<1.3804,0.0000,2.4630>} triangle{<1.3902,0.0000,2.4945>,<1.3804,0.0000,2.4630>,<1.3110,-0.4404,2.4630>} triangle{<1.3110,-0.4404,2.4630>,<1.3204,-0.4435,2.4945>,<1.3902,0.0000,2.4945>} - No vertex normals, so no smooth shading.
-
// some tea? #declare Tri_Pot = union { #include "teapot.inc" } object { Tri_Pot scale <0.6, 0.6, 0.6> rotate <-90,0,0> translate< -1.5, 0, 2> texture { pigment { color Blue} finish { reflection {1.0} ambient 0.6 diffuse 0.1 } } } -
- I have added antialiasing and raised the image quality.
-
Render Statistics Image Resolution 400 x 300 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pixels: 127900 Samples: 72990 Smpls/Pxl: 0.57 Rays: 825390 Saved: 18567 Max Level: 5/5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ray->Shape Intersection Tests Succeeded Percentage ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Box 89882 55504 61.75 Plane 1501269 577251 38.45 Sphere 2884183 2232600 77.41 Triangle 1208315 115454 9.55 Bounding Box 30090498 12503747 41.55 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Shadow Ray Tests: 724311 Succeeded: 160727 Shadow Cache Hits: 28061 Reflected Rays: 373971 Transmitted Rays: 250529 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Render Time: Photon Time: No photons Radiosity Time: No radiosity Trace Time: 0 hours 0 minutes 0 seconds (0.510 seconds) using 4 thread(s) with 1.950 CPU-seconds total