#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <utility> // pair
#include <vector>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

using PointT = pair<int,int>;
using BoardT = vector<vector<PointT>>;

ostream & operator << (ostream & s, PointT p);
void PrintBoard(const BoardT  & board);

int main() {
   int row = 3;
   int col = 4;
   int i,j;
   //vector<vector<PointT>> board(row, vector<PointT>(col,PointT()));
   // method 1, wicked cool c++ way
   BoardT board(row, vector<PointT>(col,PointT()));

   // method 2, the way I can remember but don't like.
   BoardT board2(row);
   for(i = 0; i < row; i++) {
       board2[i] = vector<PointT>(col);
   }

   for(i = 0; i < row; i ++) {
      for (j = 0; j < col; j++) {
         PointT value{i,j};
         board[i][j] = value;
         board2[i][j] = value;
      }
   }

   PrintBoard(board);
   cout << endl;

   PrintBoard(board2);
   cout << endl;
   return 0;
}

ostream & operator << (ostream & s, PointT p){
   s << "(" << p.first << "," << p.second << ")";
   return s;
}

void PrintBoard(const BoardT  & board){
   size_t row, col;

   // print the header
   cout << "   ";
   for(col = 0; col < board[0].size(); ++col) {
       cout << setw(5) << col ;
   }
   cout << endl;

   // print the line under the header
   cout << "  +";
   cout << setfill('-');
   cout << setw(static_cast<int>(board[0].size()+1)*5-2) << " " << endl;
   cout << setfill(' ');

   for(row = 0; row < board.size(); ++row ) {
       cout << setw(2) << row << "|";
       for (col = 0; col < board[0].size(); ++col) {
           cout << board[row][col] << " ";
       }
       cout << endl;
   }
   return;
}