B<h1>Memory and Storage</h1>
<ul>
    <li> Goals: 
    <ul>
         <li> Identify the basic units of storage.
	 <li> Discuss the amounts of storage required for various types of electronic items
	 <li> Identify the storage requirements for this class.
	 <li> Develop a plan to acquire storage for this class.
	 <li> Implement that plan.
    </ul>
    <li> Computers store and transmit data.
    <lI> The size of data is measured in bits
    <ul>
        <li> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit">Bit</a> stands  for <b>BI</b>nary <digi<b>T</b>
	<li> Binary is the base 2 number system.
	<ul>
	     <li> In this system there are only 2 digits, 0 and 1
	</ul>
	<li> The symbol is b
	<li> It is sort of like the penny, to small to measure much.
	<ul>
	    <li> We measure transmission capacity (network speed) in bits
	    <ul>
	         <li> 400 Kilobits to 100 Megabits
	    </ul>
	    <li> We measure processor size (word size) in bits.
	    <ul>
	        <li> 32 or 64 bit machines.
	    </ul>
	</ul>
	<li> We can represent or name two different things with a bit.
	<Ul>
	    <li> Or there are 2 different orderings.
	    <lI> one would be 0, and the other would be 1.
	</ul>
	<li> With two bits we can name four things
	<ul>
	    <lI> 00, 01, 10, 11
	</ul>
	<li> With n bits we can name 2<sup>n</sup> things.
    </ul>
    <lI> A combination of 8 bits is called a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte">byte</a>
    <ul>
         <li>01001000, 11011011, and 10101010  are all examples of bytes.
	 <li> Bytes are sort of the dollar of information theory.
	 <li> The symbol is B
	 <li> Most storage is measured in bytes.
    </ul>
    <li> We use the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix">Metric Prefixes</a> along with bit or byte for normal measurements.
    <li> Kilo (K), Mega (M), Giga (G), Tera (T), Peta (P)
    <ul>
        <lI> Kilo
	<ul>
	    <li> From the Greek work for thousand.
	    <li> Normally means 1000 (10<sup>3</sup>)
	    <li> But in information technology it is 2<sup>10</sup> or 1024
	    <li> However, marketing has found that to be too confusing, so sometimes it is simplified to 1000
	    <li> You would like to make $50K a year. 
            <li> Many Documents are measured in K
	    <ul>
	         <li> The straight text version of <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12/">"Through the Looking-Glass"</a> is 182KB.
		 <li> Most data files for the  class are in the several hundred K range.
		 <lI> Compressed data files for this class:
		 <li> <img src="datafiles.png" border=2> 
		 <li> The files from chapter 1 of word:
		 <lI> <img src="wordFiles.png" border=2>
	    </ul>
	</ul>
	<li> Mega - Greek for great
	<ul>
	      <li> 10<sup>6</sup> or 2<sup>20</sup>
	      <li> One million, or a little more in IT
	      <li> Songs are in the megabyte range.
	      <uL>
	          <Li> The 1812 Overture (All 15 min) is about 20 MB
		  <li> Fanfare for the Common Man (about 3 min) 5 MB
	      </ul>
	      <lI> A CD can hold 600MB+ of data, but ...
	      <li> Digital cameras, by the way, are measured in megapixels.
	      <li> Network Speeds are measured in Megabits
	      <ul>
	          <li> G4 claims to be up to 1000Mb/second  (1Gb) download
		  <li> and 500Mb/sec upload.
		  <lI> These are peak rates and you probably don't see them.
		  <li> Note, these are all in bits, so you should divide by 8 when comparing to files.
	      </ul>
	      <Li> <a href="https://www.timewarnercable.com/en/support/speed-test.html">Time Warner</a> has packages from 2Mb/sec to 50Mb/sec (again, lower case b, so bytes, not bits)

	      <li> Pictures are in the 1-2 MB range (my old camera)
	      <li><img src="photo.png" border=2>
	      <li> For us, powerpoint presentations can be in the MB range.
	      <li><img src="pptSize.png" border=2>
	      <lI> Compressed data files for powerpoint are in the MB range
	      <li> The entire data set is in the 100 MB range.
	      <li><img src="largeCompressed.png" border=2>
	      <li> You have a campus "S" drive
	      <ul>
	          <li> This is limited to 150MB of space.
		  <lI> It is only available on campus
		  <li> And the dorms are not considered on campus.
		  <li> See <a href="https://my.edinboro.edu/group/its-service-catalog/file-sharing-storage">this page</a> for more information.
		  <li> If you only work on campus, this is a wonderful place to store information.
	      </ul>
	</ul>
	<li> Giga - Greek for giant
	<ul>
	     <li> 10<sup>9</sup>
	     <li> 1 billion
	     <li> 2<sup>30</sup> for IT
	     <li> Most RAM is in the GB range.
	     <li> Older machines will have hard drives in the 500 GB range.
	     <li> DVD's  hold up to 8.5GB of data.
	     <lI> Blu-Ray disks hold up to 128GB of data.
	     <li> The Quality and compression rates of a movie will effect how much space is used.
	     <li> Important to you, USB drives are in the GB range.
	     <ul>
	         <li> <img src="usbDrive.png" border=2>
		 <li> These are low cost, reliable, and accessible anywhere.
		 <li> But there is always a stack of USB drives on the front desk
		 <lI> And they are fairly easy to break.
	     </ul>
	     <li> Through your email account, you have access to 5GB of storage on the Microsoft cloud.
	     <ul>
	          <li> This is Microsoft OneDrive
		  <li> It is accessible everywhere.
		  <li> It is integrated into 
	     </ul>
	     <li> Most modern desktops/laptops operate in the Gigahertz range.
	     <li> Most modern desktops/laptops have memory in the GB range (8)
	</ul>
	<li> Tera - Greek for monster
	<ul>
	    <li>  10<sup>12</sup> or 2<sup>40</sup>
	    <li> Consumer hard drive sizes are currently in terabytes.
	    <li> Consumer external hard drives are in this range as well.
	    <li> <img src="externalDrive.png" border=2>
	</ul>
	<li> Peta and beyond
	<ul>
	    <li> There are more classes above this.
	    <li> Each goes up by 10<sup>3</sup> or 2<sup>10</sup>
	    <li> Petaflops
	    <ul>  
	         <li> FLOP - floating point operation.
		 <lI> The current fastest public machine in the world runs at 93 petaflops per second.   
		 <li> That is 93,000,000,000,000,000 multiplications in a second.
	    </ul>
	    <Li> The NSF and University of Illinois has a computer Blue Waters
	    <ul>
	       <Li> with 26.5 PB of storage (disk space)
	       <lI> It has 1.5 PB of memory by the way.
	       <li> And can achieve 13.3 Petaflops
	    </ul>
	</ul>
    </ul>
    <li> You will need some storage for this class.
    <ul>
        <li> There are really four options
	<ul>
	     <li> Use the "S" drive.
	     <li> Use a USB drive
	     <li> Use the Microsoft One Drive
	     <li> Use another cloud service (like Dropbox)
	</ul>
    </ul>
</ul>