Please answer each question carefully and thoughtfully. You need to demonstrate that you understand the material covered.
Use as many pages as you wish, but make sure that you label each answer with the question number.
Please write neatly, and print if possible. If I can't read your answer, it is incorrect.
Please make sure that your name is on your test.
Please make sure that you answer all parts of the questions.

Many graphics systems (including OpenGL) use a pipeline architecture.
1. [4 points] What is a pipelined architecture?
2. [8 points] What are the major steps in the imaging process pipeline? Describe what occurs at each step.
Frame buffers
1. [5 points] What is a frame buffer and how is it used in the process of creating and displaying an image.
2. [2 points] What is double buffering?
3. [2 points] How is double buffering supported with glut?
Event Driven Programming
1. [2 points] What is an event?
2. [2 points] Describe the basic operation of glutMainLoop
3. [2 points] What is a callback?
4. [2 points] Describe what happens when glutPostRedisplay is called.
Homogeneous Coordinates
1. [1 point] What are homogeneous coordinates?
2. [2 points] What problems do homogeneous coordinates solve in a graphics system.
Transformations
1. [2 points] Give the transformation matrix required to scale a vertex about the origin by α.
2. [6 points] Derive (and state) the transformation matrix required to scale an object about the point (x,y,z) by an amount α
Vertex Shaders
1. [4 points] What is the primary task of a vertex shader?
2. [2 points] When is the vertex shader invoked?
3. [6 points] Name three types of variables which can be used in a vertex shader (Not Data Types). What is the purpose of each?
4. [8 points] How is data in an application program associated with variables in a vertex shader program? Describe the OpenGL graphics calls and data structures involved in this process.