#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <codecvt>

using namespace std;

int main() {
    char16_t pi{u'\u03C0'};
    char32_t ducks{U'\U00013179'};
    u16string phrase1{u"pi = "};
    u32string phrase2{U"But ducks (\U00013177) are "};
    u32string phrase3;

    cout << "\u03B1 to \u03A9 are easy as \U00013197." << endl;
     
    wstring_convert<codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>, char16_t> converter16;
    wstring_convert<codecvt_utf8<char32_t>, char32_t> converter32;

    phrase1 = phrase1 + pi;

    string tmp = converter16.to_bytes(phrase1);
    cout << tmp << endl;
    cout << "The phrase is " << dec  << phrase1.size() 
         << " characters long." << endl;


    // caution here: 
    //    hex will put the stream in hex mode until changed!
    //    So all output will be in hex until you change the stream back.
    //    This is done with dec

    for(int i = 0; i < phrase1.size(); ++i) {
       cout << hex <<  static_cast<unsigned short>(phrase1[i]) << " " ;
    }

    cout << endl << endl;

    phrase2 += ducks;

    tmp = converter32.to_bytes(phrase2);
    cout << tmp << endl;
    cout << "The phrase is " << dec  << phrase2.size() 
         << " characters long." << endl;


    for(int i = 0; i < phrase2.size(); ++i) {
       u32string singleChar = phrase2.substr(i,1);
       string eightBitSingleChar = converter32.to_bytes(singleChar);
       cout  << "\t" << dec << i  << " " << eightBitSingleChar 
             << " " << hex <<  static_cast<unsigned int>(phrase2[i]) << endl;
    }

    cout << endl << endl;

    return 0;
}