#include <iostream>
#include <exception>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

class Dans_Exception: public logic_error {
    public: 
       Dans_Exception(string w) : logic_error(w) {

           try {
               msg = HEADER + w;
           } catch (const length_error & e) {
               msg = HEADER;
           } catch (const bad_alloc & e) {
               msg = HEADER;
           }
       }

       const char * what() const noexcept override {
           return msg.c_str();
       }

    private:
       const string HEADER{"Dan's Exception:"};
       string msg;
};

int main() {

    // the following is example code only
    //
    // DO NOT THROW AN EXCEPTION IN A TRY BLOCK 
    // THAT YOU EXPECT TO CATCH IN THE 
    // CORRESPONDING CATCH BLOCK. 
    //
    // the following is example code only
   
    cout << "Catching as a Dans_Exception" << endl;
    try {
           throw Dans_Exception(" customize!");
    } catch (const Dans_Exception &  e) {
         cout << " Caught " << e.what() << endl;
    } catch (const logic_error &  e) {
         cout << " Caught " << e.what() << endl;
    } catch (const exception &  e) {
         cout << " Caught " << e.what() << endl;
    }

    cout << endl;
    cout << "Catching as a logic_error" << endl;
    try {
           throw Dans_Exception(" customize!");
    } catch (const logic_error &  e) {
         cout << " Caught " << e.what() << endl;
    }

    cout << endl;
    cout << "Catching as an exception" << endl;
    try {
           throw Dans_Exception(" customize!");
    } catch (const exception &  e) {
         cout << " Caught " << e.what() << endl;
    }
  
    return 0;
}